Electric shock occurs when a human body becomes part of the electric circuit, either by direct contact with an energized conductor or by being close enough to a live electrical source for a spark to jump. Several factors contribute to electric shock incidents. Here are the major causes:

1. Direct Contact with Live Wires or Electrical Appliances: The most common cause of electric shock is direct contact with live wires, sockets, switches, or electrical appliances. This can happen due to faulty wiring, damaged insulation, or improper installation.

2. Faulty Electrical Appliances: Defective or malfunctioning electrical appliances can pose a significant risk of electric shock. This includes damaged cords or plugs, exposed wires, or internal faults within the appliance itself.

3. Unsafe Electrical Practices: Improper use of electrical equipment and tools, such as overloading power strips, using damaged cords or tools, or bypassing safety mechanisms, can increase the risk of electric shock.

4. Wet Conditions: Water is an excellent conductor of electricity, and being in contact with wet or damp surfaces while handling electrical appliances or wiring increases the risk of electric shock.

5. Damaged Insulation: Insulation on electrical wires and cables prevents the flow of electricity to unintended paths. Damaged or deteriorated insulation can expose live conductors, increasing the likelihood of electric shock.

6. Overhead Power Lines: Accidental contact with overhead power lines, whether while working at heights, using machinery, or carrying conductive materials, can result in severe electric shock.

7. Lightning Strikes: Lightning can cause electric shock when it strikes an object or a person, leading to potentially fatal injuries.

8. Faulty Grounding: Inadequate grounding or improper grounding of electrical systems can lead to a buildup of electrical potential, increasing the risk of electric shock.

9. High Voltage Systems: Working on high-voltage electrical systems without proper training, personal protective equipment, or safety precautions can result in severe electric shock injuries or fatalities.

10. Human Error: Accidental contact with live electrical components due to human error, negligence, or lack of awareness about electrical hazards can lead to electric shock incidents.

Preventing electric shock requires adherence to proper safety practices, regular inspection and maintenance of electrical systems, and awareness of potential hazards in various environments. Training in electrical safety is crucial for workers and individuals who may encounter electrical hazards in their daily activities.