TORBAR (also known as Toroidal Flowmeter) is a type of flowmeter used for measuring the flow rate of liquids, gases, or steam in pipes. It utilizes the principle of differential pressure measurement to determine the flow rate. The TORBAR flowmeter is specifically designed to provide accurate and reliable measurements in various industrial applications.

Here's how TORBAR works:

1. Design: The TORBAR flowmeter consists of a specially shaped primary element installed within the pipe. This primary element typically has a toroidal (donut-shaped) cross-section, hence the name "TORBAR." The primary element is designed to create a pressure differential across its structure as fluid flows through the pipe.

2. Flow Profile Conditioning: The primary element of the TORBAR flowmeter is engineered to condition the flow profile within the pipe. This means it helps to ensure that the flow of fluid through the pipe is uniform and stable, reducing turbulence and minimizing flow disturbances.

3. Pressure Sensing: The TORBAR flowmeter relies on pressure taps located at specific points along the primary element. These pressure taps are strategically positioned to capture the pressure differentials generated by the flow of fluid around the TORBAR structure.

4. Differential Pressure Measurement: By measuring the pressure differentials at the pressure taps, the TORBAR flowmeter can calculate the flow rate of the fluid passing through the pipe. The pressure difference between the upstream and downstream sides of the TORBAR element is directly proportional to the flow rate according to Bernoulli's principle and the laws of fluid dynamics.

5. Signal Transmission: The pressure differentials measured by the TORBAR flowmeter are typically transmitted to a differential pressure transmitter or flow transmitter located outside the pipe. This transmitter converts the pressure signals into a standard output signal (such as a 4-20 mA signal) proportional to the flow rate.

6. Calibration and Configuration: TORBAR flowmeters are calibrated and configured according to the specific application requirements, including factors such as pipe size, fluid properties, and flow conditions. Proper calibration ensures accurate measurement performance over a range of flow rates.

TORBAR flowmeters are known for their robust construction, versatility, and reliability in measuring flow rates in a wide range of industrial processes, including water and wastewater treatment, chemical processing, oil and gas production, and HVAC systems. They are often preferred for applications where accuracy, stability, and low maintenance are essential.